Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has emerged as a keyconcept in science and politics with respect to the futureof agriculture and rural development in the recent decade. Overall, MFA implies that in addition to their main function inproduction and support of rural livelihood, the agricultural activitieshave some other advantages for the environmentincluding the conservation of water and soil resources and theenhancement of food security. This paper takes a look at thebenefits of MFA as a concept and path toward agricultural developmentfrom an integrated perspective within the frameworkof sustainable development. Also, it tries to clarify the distinctionbetween MFA and conventional agriculture in sustainable developmentapproaches.

Introduction: The Edible Campus program incorporates edible, medicinal, and pollinator-friendly plants in the university to create a kind of working landscape and facilitate campus community engagement in topics of food and agriculture sustainability. In this regard, an inventory of community support and culture is crucial for finding the motivation of participating in the targeted community in the edible landscape project. This study aims to give insights into the inventory of community support and preferences in the campus edible landscape. To achieve this objective, we considered the University of Sistan and Baluchestan as the case study to address the community support and community culture that affect urban agriculture. While the study on urban agriculture projects can be conducted during three phases, this study focused on the pre-implementation stage. It means that we tried to co-create visions of the edible campus, specifically for the University of Sistan and Baluchestan to be used in the next step of the edible campus project. Material and methods: In this applied and descriptive research, using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment, 530 people were selected from a total of 18, 450 university members (including 17, 000 students, 1, 000 staff, and 450 faculty members) using the PASS specialized software for determining the sample size. The questionnaires were completed through the Google Form survey in the spring and summer of 2020. All inferential statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS23. For research questions and objectives in the descriptive statistics section, graphs and statistical tables were used. Due to the high sample size (n=530), the normal probability plots (p-p plots) were used to check the normality of data distribution, which was not confirmed. Therefore, non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Friedman were used to test the research hypotheses at a significance level of 0. 05. Results and discussion: The results showed that the mental health and food produced in the university were the most important motivations of the studied community in edible campus participation. It was also found that potential volunteers were not a monolithic group. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of expression of potential volunteer motivations among respondent demographic segments. Based on the findings of our study, the more interested group in terms of potential volunteerism were students, females, and 20-30 aged groups. On the other hand, our study proved that the potential volunteerism capacity of the university community will not be enough for the establishment and sustainability of the edible campus. Concerning the spatial structure and landscape elements, based on the results of this study, an establishment of agricultural space and fruit orchard (82. 3%), and water fountain and pool (75. 3%) would provide the studied community with the desirable edible campus. In this regard, our study suggests incorporating three types of edible-bearing plants including fruit trees, vegetables, and medicinal herbs in the upcoming edible campus project. Conclusion: Iranian university managers can use such data to help shape the community culture and support of their university to a more inclusive and diverse edible campus makeup. Additionally, these findings may contribute to the study and practice of edible campus management by suggesting means for more effective member recruitment based on the particular motivations of different member demographics. In the case of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, considerable staff and volunteer time will be needed to ensure consistent landscape care. It is also essential that university managers and decision-makers attempt to provide potential volunteers with appropriate training opportunities, resources, as well as demonstrate appreciation, to further encourage and solidify volunteer engagements in the edible campus.

Background & Objective: Marine algae contain bioactive compounds that produce a variety of metabolites. These metabolites have diverse biological activities. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide of sulfates produced by algae, and its biological activity has been studied extensively. Fucoidan is a sulfate-rich poly-saccharide containing a variety of compounds including, galactose, zylose, glucuronic acid and fucose. Materials & Methods: Fucoidan has therapeutic properties that increase their healing properties with their degree of sulfation. Anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and adjuvant properties in many species of algae have been proven to have an effect on cell proliferation and cellular regimens and the regulation of various metabolic pathways. Results: This polysaccharide has beneficial effects on human health and therefore is used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Non Toxicity is an important feature of Fucoidan, which is used as a confident structural compound that is a product of safety for consumption. Conclusion: Today, a variety of Fucoidan compositions have been made; a variety of beverage, tablets, and capsules are now available on the market. It is hoped that more complete studies and clinical trials will be carried out for better utilization of this combination in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

This study investigates some factors affecting agritourism development in the citrus gardens in the Caspian Sea coastal provinces. A questionnaire was used for collecting the data. The statistical population of this study was monofunctional and Multifunctional citrus gardens in three provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan, and Golestan. Sampling and completing the questionnaire were performed using stratified random sampling and available sampling methods, respectively. The collected data were analyzed as descriptive and inferential statistics (logistic regression test) using SPSS software. In order to determine the predictor variables, the decision of citrus gardeners to provide agritourism services, the results of the logistic regression test showed that the variables participation in entrepreneurship courses, the amount of knowledge and skills in the development of agritourism, entrepreneurial skills, and spirit of gardeners, and their attitude towards diversification of agricultural activities could predict 66. 7% of the dependent variable changes (acceptance of agritourism). Introduction As one of the Multifunctional agricultural strategies, agritourism refers to farming-related activities carried out on a working farm or other agricultural settings for recreational, tourism, and educational purposes (Arroyo et al., 2013). In the Caspian Sea coastal provinces, despite the suitable conditions for developing this type of tourism, these activities have not developed much. So, the primary purpose of this research was to investigate and identify some factors affecting the provision and development of tourism services by gardeners of Caspian Sea coastal provinces (Golestan, Gilan, and Mazandaran provinces). Materials and Methods The statistical population of this research included all Multifunctional and monofunctional gardeners in Golestan, Gilan, and Mazandaran provinces. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of monofunctional gardeners was calculated to be 280 people (N=12004). Samples were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The estimation method was used since there was no valid data on the population size of gardeners providing agricultural tourism services (or Multifunctional gardeners). In this section, after interviews with managers and officials and farmers and residents of villages, the statistical population of Multifunctional gardeners in this study was estimated to be 240 people. Using the Morgan sampling table, the sample size was calculated to be 148 people selected using the convenience sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used, using the results of completing 30 pre-test questionnaires in Roknkola village located in Ghaemshahr city, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to be higher than 0. 7 for all sections of the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics (logistic regression test) using SPSS software. Discussion and Results This study showed that the attitude of Multifunctional gardeners who provided agritourism services in their gardens toward agritourism development was relatively positive, while monofunctional gardeners showed a neutral perspective. Knowledge and skill of monofunctional and Multifunctional gardeners in developing agritourism were moderate and high, respectively. Results also showed that attending the entrepreneurship training courses, level of knowledge and skill in developing agritourism, entrepreneurial spirit and skill, and gardeners' attitude toward agritourism explained 66. 7 percent of the dependent variable (provision of agritourism). Conclusions In this study, the two variables of age and the amount of income did not significantly affect the prediction of the variable of acceptance and implementation of tourism businesses. In contrast, the farmers' entrepreneurial knowledge and skill are one of the variables affecting the acceptance and implementation of Multifunctional agriculture and diversification of agricultural activities, including the provision of agritourism services. Hence, strengthening the entrepreneurial skills of farmers is recommended as a creative and innovative response to environmental changes, including agricultural Multifunctionality. Some other recommendations in this regard are: Organizing appropriate training courses to strengthen farmers' skills and entrepreneurial spirit using a balanced combination of human and technical communication skills. Providing entrepreneurship education in schools, vocational schools, and agricultural colleges in order to introduce and strengthen the concept and spirit of entrepreneurship and training the entrepreneurial workforce in cooperation with the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, and non-governmental organizations. Establish a system of incentives (especially financial) or subsidies for farmers who have a specific business management plan (for example, supporting farmers who have a specific business strategy or providing incentives) and financial and monetary funding for projects with a prerequisite for entrepreneurship education).

Dehloran Township, Despite the great distance from Multifunctional agriculture it faces many problems in the fields of agriculture, natural resources, environment and economic situation, If no measures are taken to reduce these problems and eliminate them More problems will be faced by the present and future generations of agriculture and rural areas of this Township. Since the development of Multifunctional agriculture requires attention to planning and strategy tailored to the conditions of each region. The aim of this qualitative study was, preparation Multifunctional agricultural development strategies in Dehloran Township (Ilam province). The study population was purposefully selected from 21 Multifunctional agricultural experts in one of the western regions of Iran, Dehloran Township. Data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews in five steps of the Meta-SWOT technique based on the Resource-based theory. After completing the interviews, the position of Dehloran Township in comparison with competitors, existing resources and obstacles affecting the development of MFA were identified. After analyzing the interviews and evaluating the impact of each resource on environmental factors and their relevance to the objectives, a strategic map was drawn. In examining all aspects of the strategic map, three rare, Inimitable and Non-substitutable capabilities, one with the most strategic fit, an environmental factor were identified as the most important and powerful obstacle to the growth and development of MFA. Finally, judging by each of the internal and environmental factors, 15 optimal strategies for MFA development were preparated in order of importance using the AHP technique. By implementing the preparated strategies, it is possible to help strengthen and develop the existing capabilities and remove the existing obstacles, and with proper planning, we will witness the development of more Multifunctional agriculture in the future.

IntroductionThe village, as the basis of the system and due to its position at different levels of the development process, plays an important role in the life and prosperity of any society. agriculture as the dominant activity in the village has a decisive role in providing independence and food security.  agriculture has many capacities, and it is very important to use these capacities in order to provide a sustainable livelihood and maintain the population of the villagers. One of these capacities is benefiting from rural tourism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to analyze the gap between the current and expected situation of the impact of rural tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural households.Materials and MethodsThe present research is applied of view point of its purpose and is a descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study included 224 households in Kalvan village. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 135 households were identified as the sample participated in this study. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the research tool was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used.Results and DiscussionExamining the gap between the current and the expected situation, the results indicate that the expected situation score is significantly higher than the current situation score of the impact of tourism in each of the dimensions of sustainable rural livelihood. The results showed that there is the largest gap between the expected and current status of dimensions of institutional-structural, economic-financial and natural-environmental resources, respectively. Therefore, paying attention to these dimensions, including the introduction of Kalvan village as a tourist destination through mass media, as well as providing the necessary conditions to stabilize the livelihood of Kalvan village households and their permanence in the village will be of great help.ConclusionsThe key message of this study was based on the principle that the expectations of people living in Kelvan village on the sustainability of livelihood assets due to tourism have not been met to a large extent. The need to address the expectations of the target community (tourist areas) is related to the coordination among different organizations, including the tourism organization, the environmental organization, and the agricultural jahad organization of the province, as well as other related institutions. On the other hand, culturalization of the proper use of natural resources by tourists should be paid attention to by those in charge.